8/1/2023 0 Comments Subliminal definition sentenceHowever, no previous studies have conclusively shown such integration across multiple unconscious units. Taken together, previous studies have shown that temporal integration could occur between a single conscious unit and a single unconscious unit ( Costello et al., 2009 Nakamura, Makuuchi, Oga, Mizuochi-Endo, Iwabuchi, Nakajima, & Dehaene, 2018). One simple explanation for these studies may be that the integration between conscious and unconscious information can occur yet, the unconscious process operates only at the single-word level (i.e., between one subliminal word and one supraliminal word/context). In a similar vein, our previous study showed that, after consciously perceiving a two-word sentential context, a syntactically incongruent word broke through interocular suppression and reached consciousness faster than the syntactically congruent counterpart ( Hung & Hsieh, 2015). On the other hand, with a dual-task paradigm, Batterink and Neville (2013) found an early syntactic event-related potential component (early left anterior negativity), indexing automatic detection of syntactic anomaly even when participants failed to detect the syntactic violation in a sentence. This is interpreted as a failure of subliminal sequential integration. Similarly, Yang, Tien, Yang, & Yeh (2017) showed that a Chinese sentential context suppressed interocularly did not exert a priming effect on a subsequent congruent or incongruent target word. However, when another masked modifier was added, participants failed to integrate the third word with the adjective–noun combination. That is, when the meaning of a masked adjective was consistent with a subsequent target noun (e.g., good–peace), shorter reaction times and lower error rates were observed when participants were asked to judge the valence of the target (positive or negative). In the domain of temporal integration, Van Gaal, Naccache, Meuwese, van Loon, Leighton, Cohen, and Dehaene (2014) showed that sequential word-to-word priming occurred when a masked word preceded the target word. Thus, although it has been shown that single-word processing can occur subliminally, whether multi-word processing can occur subliminally remains highly controversial (e.g., for single-word subliminal semantic priming, see Costello, Jiang, Baartman, McGlennen, & He, 2009 Dehaene et al., 1998 Greenwald, Draine, & Abrams, 1996 for single-word syntactic priming, see Ansorge, Reynvoet, Hendler, Oettl, & Evert, 2012 Berkovitch & Dehaene, 2019 Iijima & Sakai, 2014 Sereno, 1991). Information integration requires connecting multiple visual items across space and time, rendering it a highly complex process. The human mind's ability to integrate information enables us to associate independent words and form coherent expressions. To digest a stream of incoming information, it is expected that one needs to integrate multiple units seamlessly. These findings support the possibility of unconscious high-level, complex information integration. These control experiments showed that the effect was not merely driven by word–word association but instead required integration over multiple words in the correct order. Critically, the effect disappeared when the context was disrupted by presenting only partial sentences or sentences with a reversed word order. These results confirmed that the sentential context was both subjectively and objectively subliminal. We later replicated the finding in a separate experiment where participants exhibited chance performance on locating the subliminal context. We found that, after participants received the subliminal context, they responded faster to a syntactically incongruent target word in a lexical decision task. This discontinuous suppression allowed us to insert a word during each suppression period and deliver multiple words over time unconsciously. To lengthen the stimulus exposure, we introduced intermittent presentation into interocular suppression. Previous studies have tended to use a combination of strong masking or suppression and a weak stimulus signal (e.g., low luminance), resulting in a low signal-to-noise ratio during unconscious stimulus presentation. Whether unconscious complex visual information integration occurs over time remains largely unknown and highly controversial.
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